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\>"], "Title",
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Cell["Mathematica Animations for Teaching Undergraduate Economics", "Title"],

Cell["\<\
Craig Marcott
University of St. Thomas\
\>", "Author"],

Cell[CellGroupData[{

Cell["Abstract", "Subsection"],

Cell[TextData[{
  "This presentation demonstrates several of the author's",
  StyleBox[" ",
    FontSize->10],
  StyleBox["Mathematica ",
    FontSlant->"Italic"],
  "notebooks and packages that feature animated diagrammatic economic models. \
 The animations have been successful in engaging students who are naturally \
reluctant to confront difficult material.  Active learning is encouraged by \
allowing students to change parameters,  as well as animation direction and \
speed.  The animations make fairly complicated ideas (e.g., the Slutsky \
equation, Jacob Viner's problem) visually apparent to quantitatively \
unsophisticated students.  The long-term goal of the project is to provide \
animated versions of most of the diagrams included in introductory and \
intermediate Microeconomics and Macroeconomics courses.  Over two hundred \
animations have already been written covering topics such as cost and \
production, consumer choice, perfect competition,  pure monopoly, \
monopolistic competition, circular flow, the Slutsky equation, labor \
economics, macroeconomics, expected utility, income inequality and welfare \
economics.  "
}], "Abstract",
  TextAlignment->Left,
  TextJustification->0]
}, Closed]],

Cell[CellGroupData[{

Cell["Introduction", "Section"],

Cell[TextData[{
  "This paper consists primarily of hyperlinks to the author's ",
  StyleBox["Mathematica",
    FontSlant->"Italic"],
  " notebooks, and  is best experienced with ",
  StyleBox["Mathematica. ",
    FontSlant->"Italic"],
  "Most of the notebooks are available at ",
  ButtonBox["http://milkweed.econ.stthomas.edu/~csmarcott/my.html ",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://milkweed.econ.stthomas.edu/~csmarcott/my.html"], None},
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  "  Readers who do not have ",
  StyleBox["Mathematica",
    FontSlant->"Italic"],
  " can still view the notebooks and render the animations by downloading the \
free notebook viewer, ",
  StyleBox["MathReader,",
    FontSlant->"Italic"],
  " at  ",
  ButtonBox["http://www.wolfram.com/products/mathreader/",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://www.wolfram.com/products/mathreader/"], None},
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  " The previous hyperlink to the author's ",
  StyleBox["Mathematica",
    FontSlant->"Italic"],
  " notebooks also contains a link to download ",
  StyleBox["MathReader",
    FontSlant->"Italic"],
  ".\n\nAt the University of St. Thomas the animations are currently being \
used by instructors, students and undergraduate teaching assistants. Since \
all classrooms, offices, computer labs and dormitory rooms are equiped with \
high speed (i.e., T-1) internet connections, users generally load the ",
  StyleBox["Mathematica",
    FontSlant->"Italic"],
  " notebooks directly from the Economics Department server (Milkweed).  For \
slightly faster service which also eliminates the embarrassing situation of  \
Milkweed being down, instructors will sometimes copy the notebooks onto the \
harddrive of a laptop computer. In the classroom the animations are used much \
like overheads. The animations also seem to be particularly effective for \
helping students during office hours."
}], "Text"]
}, Closed]],

Cell[CellGroupData[{

Cell["Microeconomics Animations", "Section"],

Cell["\<\
The emphasis on microeconomics in this paper does not reflect a lack of \
interest in or enthusiasm for macroeconomics. This effort is a work in \
progress; there will be many more macroeconomic notebooks authored in the \
coming months. This section does not include the notebooks for monopoly, \
monopolistic competition, oligopoly and the factor markets. Many of these are \
nearly complete, lacking details such as dotted lines, points,  labels and \
colors.\
\>", "Text"],

Cell[CellGroupData[{

Cell["Introductory Models", "Subsection"],

Cell[TextData[{
  "The only animation for the introductory part of an economics course is the \
",
  ButtonBox["circular flow diagram",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://milkweed.econ.stthomas.edu/~csmarcott/circflow.nb"], None},
    
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  ". This notebook illustrates how ",
  StyleBox["Mathematica",
    FontSlant->"Italic"],
  " can be used to produce more general image sequences, in addition to more \
traditional diagrammatic models. Instructors who prefer to have the product \
markets in the lower loop of the circular flow diagram can use the VCR-like \
controls to change the animation direction."
}], "Text"]
}, Closed]],

Cell[CellGroupData[{

Cell["Preferences", "Subsection"],

Cell[TextData[{
  StyleBox["Mathematica'",
    FontSlant->"Italic"],
  "s ",
  StyleBox["ContourPlot",
    FontFamily->"Courier",
    FontWeight->"Bold"],
  " command provides a conveinient method for showing level curves. The \
example included here shows how the shape of the ",
  ButtonBox["CES utility function",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://milkweed.econ.stthomas.edu/~csmarcott/CES3.nb"], None},
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  "  indiffernce map changes as the paprameter \[Rho] varies. Note how the \
map changes quickly as \[Rho] varies between -1 and 1, and then changes much \
more slowly for large values of \[Rho]. It is, perhaps, surprising to note \
that as \[Rho] becomes larger and approaches the Leontief shape (i.e., as \
\[Rho] \[RightArrow] \[Infinity]), the indifference curves become more \
rounded for the level curves farther from the origin."
}], "Text"]
}, Closed]],

Cell[CellGroupData[{

Cell["Consumer Choice", "Subsection"],

Cell[TextData[{
  "A two-quadrant construct is used to  ",
  ButtonBox["derive the ordinary demand curve in a two-good world,",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://milkweed.econ.stthomas.edu/~csmarcott/demand2.nb"], None},
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  " for the cases of Cobb-Douglas preferences. It is possible to do this for \
more interesting cases (e.g., where the two goods are substitues or \
complements, the Giffen case), but it is always easier to use preferences for \
which there is a closed-form representation of the demand curve. Cobb-Douglas \
preferences are also used to show the simultaneous derivation of ",
  ButtonBox["two demand curves for differenet levels of income.",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://milkweed.econ.stthomas.edu/~csmarcott/demand3.nb"], None},
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  "\n \nThe Arrow-Debreu pure exchange setting in which consumers derive \
income from the market value of the initial endowment is used in the \
following two animations. First,  the ",
  ButtonBox["price-offer curve",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://milkweed.econ.stthomas.edu/~csmarcott/varian1.nb"], None},
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  " is derived for a single consumer in a two-good world. This diagram is \
difficult to draw on the blackboard. The animation makes it apparent that the \
price-offer curve is tangent to the indifference curve only at a relative \
price which induces the consume to choose the initial endowment. The second \
example uses a two-quadrant construct to derive simultaneously the ",
  ButtonBox["price-offer curve and net demand/supply curves.",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://milkweed.econ.stthomas.edu/~csmarcott/varian2.nb"], None},
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  " Here the net supply curve has a vertical asymptote and the net demand \
curve has a horizontal asymptote. There is no upper bound on the amount of \
the good the consumer can demand, but the consumer can sell no more than her \
initial endowment of the good.\n "
}], "Text"]
}, Closed]],

Cell[CellGroupData[{

Cell["Labor Demand and Leisure Supply", "Subsection"],

Cell[TextData[{
  "The Arrow-Debreu buying and selling model can also be used to describe the \
labor-leisure decision. In this context there is a rationing constraint: the \
consumer must be a net seller of leisure and a net buyer of consumption. The \
following animations show both the conventional and backward-bending cases.\n \
1. ",
  ButtonBox["The derivation of leisure demand.",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://milkweed.econ.stthomas.edu/~csmarcott/labor2.nb"], None},
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  "\n 2. ",
  ButtonBox["The derivation of leisure demand and labor supply.",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://milkweed.econ.stthomas.edu/~csmarcott/labor3.nb"], None},
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  "\n 3. ",
  ButtonBox["The derivation of leisure demand: the backward-bending case.",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://milkweed.econ.stthomas.edu/~csmarcott/labor4.nb"], None},
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  "\n 4. ",
  ButtonBox["The derivation of leisure demand and labor supply: the \
backward-bending case.",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://milkweed.econ.stthomas.edu/~csmarcott/labor5.nb"], None},
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"]
}], "Text"]
}, Closed]],

Cell[CellGroupData[{

Cell["Substitution and Income Effects", "Subsection"],

Cell[TextData[{
  "The following notebooks are for the theory of the consumer and show income \
and substitution effects of various price changes. These were produced using \
the author's ",
  StyleBox["Mathematica",
    FontSlant->"Italic"],
  " package ",
  StyleBox["slutsky.m.\n",
    FontFamily->"Courier",
    FontWeight->"Bold"],
  "The package uses Slutsky income to compensate the consumer for the change \
in relative price. It can be modified to give the user the option of using \
the Hicksian income compensation.\n\n\t1.  ",
  ButtonBox["The Slutsky equation for a decrease in the price of good one.",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://milkweed.econ.stthomas.edu/~csmarcott/slutsky1.nb"], None},
    
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  "\n\t2.  ",
  ButtonBox["The Slutsky equation for an increase in the price of good one.",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://milkweed.econ.stthomas.edu/~csmarcott/slutsky2.nb"], None},
    
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  "\n\t3.  ",
  ButtonBox["The Slutsky equation for a decrease in the price of good two.",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://milkweed.econ.stthomas.edu/~csmarcott/slutsky3.nb"], None},
    
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  "\n\t4.   ",
  ButtonBox["The Slutsky equation for an increase in the price of good one.",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://milkweed.econ.stthomas.edu/~csmarcott/slutsky4.nb"], None},
    
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  "\n\t5.  ",
  ButtonBox["The Slutsky equation with endowments for a decrease in the price \
of good one--net buyer of good one.",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://milkweed.econ.stthomas.edu/~csmarcott/slutsky5.nb"], None},
    
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  "\n\t6.  ",
  ButtonBox["The Slutsky equation with endowments for a decrease in the price \
of good one--net seller of good one.",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://milkweed.econ.stthomas.edu/~csmarcott/slutsky6.nb"], None},
    
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  "\n\t7.  ",
  ButtonBox["The Slutsky equation with endowments for a decrease in the price \
of good two--net buyer of good one.",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://milkweed.econ.stthomas.edu/~csmarcott/slutsky7.nb"], None},
    
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  "\n\t8.  ",
  ButtonBox["The Slutsky equation with endowments for a decrease in the price \
of good two--net seller of good one.",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://milkweed.econ.stthomas.edu/~csmarcott/slutsky8.nb"], None},
    
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  "\n\t9.  ",
  ButtonBox["The Slutsky equation with endowments for an increase in the \
price of good one--net buyer of good one.",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://milkweed.econ.stthomas.edu/~csmarcott/slutsky9.nb"], None},
    
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  "\n\t10.  ",
  ButtonBox["The Slutsky equation with endowments for an increase in the \
price of good one--net seller of good one.",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://milkweed.econ.stthomas.edu/~csmarcott/slutsky10.nb"], 
      None},
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  "\n\t11.  ",
  ButtonBox["The Slutsky equation with endowments for an increase in the \
price of good two--net buyer of good one.",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://milkweed.econ.stthomas.edu/~csmarcott/slutsky11.nb"], 
      None},
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  "\n\t12.  ",
  ButtonBox["The Slutsky equation with endowments for an increase in the \
price of good two--net seller of good one.",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://milkweed.econ.stthomas.edu/~csmarcott/slutsky12.nb"], 
      None},
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"]
}], "Text"]
}, Closed]],

Cell[CellGroupData[{

Cell["The Edgeworth-Bowley Box", "Subsection"],

Cell[TextData[{
  "This animation lets students visulize the construction of the  ",
  ButtonBox["Edgeworth box diagram.",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://milkweed.econ.stthomas.edu/~csmarcott/rotate.nb"], None},
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  " It is surprising to see how much an animation such as this can engage \
students. The second one ",
  ButtonBox["derives each consumer's price-offer and then repeats the \
derivation while rotating one of the diagrams",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://milkweed.econ.stthomas.edu/~csmarcott/rotate6.nb"], None},
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  " to form the Edgeworth-Bowley box.  ",
  ButtonBox["A closer look at the price-offer curves",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://milkweed.econ.stthomas.edu/~csmarcott/rotate7.nb"], None},
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  " allows students to experiment and find the prices where each of the \
consumers is a perfect price discriminator as well as the competitive \
equilibrium. This kind of construct has great potential for illustrating the \
Second Theorem of Welfare Economics (i.e., every Pareto optimal allocation \
can be supported by a competitive equilibrium upon appropriate redistribation \
of endowments)."
}], "Text"]
}, Closed]],

Cell[CellGroupData[{

Cell["Expected Utility", "Subsection"],

Cell[TextData[{
  "\nThe presentation of vov Neuman-Morgenstern utility to undergraduates \
raises several challenges. Intermediate students, who typically must exert \
some effort to understand the buying and selling model of consumer choice, \
are presented with a model that provides an apparently different approach to \
the subject. At the University of St. Thomas most of the intermediate \
microeconomics students have had only one semester of calculus and are not \
comfortable with the notions of convex combinations, or even vector addition. \
The following four animations have been helpful for students confronting \
expected utility for the first time. \n\t1. ",
  ButtonBox["Expected utility for a risk averse consumer.",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://milkweed.econ.stthomas.edu/~csmarcott/exutility1.nb"], 
      None},
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  "\n\t2.  ",
  ButtonBox["A slightly different  version of 1.",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://milkweed.econ.stthomas.edu/~csmarcott/exutility1a.nb"], 
      None},
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  "\n\t3.  ",
  ButtonBox["Expected utility for a risk-lover.",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://milkweed.econ.stthomas.edu/~csmarcott/exutility2.nb"], 
      None},
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  "\n\t4.  ",
  ButtonBox["A slightly different version of 3.",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://milkweed.econ.stthomas.edu/~csmarcott/exutility2a.nb"], 
      None},
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  "\nInterestingly, the completion of the parallelogram (in 2 and 4) seems to \
help St. Thomas students tremendously.\n\nEven when the students do use the \
animations to gain an understanding of vector addition, convex combinations \
and risk aversion, they may still be confused about how the expected utility \
model fits into the more traditional approach to consumer choice. There are \
no budget lines or indiffernce curves, and the optimal choices for \
consumption in the good and bad states of the world are not shown. \n\nUsing \
the Arrow-Debreu contingient claims approach may help students understand how \
this consumer choice problem is just another interpretation of the buying and \
selling model. Letting \n\t",
  Cell[BoxData[
      \(TraditionalForm\`c\_B\)]],
  " = consumption in the bad state of the world (i.e., when an accident \
occurs)\n\t",
  Cell[BoxData[
      \(TraditionalForm\`c\_G\)]],
  " = consumption in the good state of the world (i.e., when no accident \
occurs)\n\tW = the initial endowment of wealth\n\tA = the amount of the \
accident\n\tK = the amount of insurance coverage\n\t\[Gamma] = the price per \
dollar of  insurance (i.e., the premium),\nthe consumption in the good and \
bad states can be expressed as\n\t",
  Cell[BoxData[
      \(TraditionalForm\`c\_G\)]],
  " =  W - \[Gamma] K\n\t",
  Cell[BoxData[
      \(TraditionalForm\`c\_B\)]],
  " = W - A  + (1- \[Gamma]) K .\nSince the insurance contract allows the \
consumer the opportunity to gain (1- \[Gamma]) K in the bad state of the \
world by giving up \[Gamma] K in the good state of the world, the slope of \
the budget line is -\[Gamma]/(1-\[Gamma]). Given the vov Neuman-Morgenstern \
axioms concerning the prefernces on contingient claims, the utility function \
can be written as \n\t ",
  Cell[BoxData[
      \(TraditionalForm\`\(\(\ \)\(u(c\_\(\(B\)\(\ \)\), 
          c\_G, \[Pi]\_\(\(B\)\(\ \)\), 
          1 - \ \[Pi]\_B\ ) = \[Pi]\_B\ \(v(
              c\_B)\) + \ \((1 - \[Pi]\_B)\)\ \ \(v(c\_B)\)\)\)\)]],
  "; \nwhere ",
  Cell[BoxData[
      \(TraditionalForm\`\[Pi]\_B\)]],
  " is the probability of landing in the bad state of the world and v(\
\[CenterDot]) is unique up to a positive affine transformation.\n\nFrom the \
perspective of the firm, the expected profit on the insurance contract is \n\t\
",
  Cell[BoxData[
      \(TraditionalForm\`\[Pi]\_B\)]],
  " (\[Gamma] K - K) + ",
  Cell[BoxData[
      \(TraditionalForm\`\(\(\ \)\((1 - \[Pi]\_B)\)\)\)]],
  " (\[Gamma] K),\nand the contract is actuarially fair if and only if \
\[Gamma] = ",
  Cell[BoxData[
      \(TraditionalForm\`\[Pi]\_B\)]],
  ".  \n\nArrow's 1963 result (AER) is that if the insurance contract is \
actuarially fair, then risk averse individuals will always choose to be fully \
insured. When \[Gamma] = ",
  Cell[BoxData[
      \(TraditionalForm\`\[Pi]\_B\)]],
  ", the slope of the budget line is equal to the slope of the indifference \
curve only if the marginal utility of consumption in the good state is equal \
to the marginal utility of consumption in the bad state. For a risk averse \
consumer (i.e., a consumer for whom v(\[CenterDot]) is concave) this can \
occur only if ",
  Cell[BoxData[
      \(TraditionalForm\`c\_\(\(B\)\(\ \)\) = \ 
        c\_G\ ; \ \(\(that\)\(\ \)\(is\)\(\ \)\)\)]],
  "only if the person is fully insured. This seems to run counter to \
intuition, because it means that the ",
  StyleBox["degree",
    FontSlant->"Italic"],
  " of risk aversion has nothing to do with the amount of insurance \
purchased; a consumer who is only slightly risk averse will purchase the same \
amount of insurance as the person who is extremely risk averse.\n\nThe use of \
animated graphics showing the relationships between the Arrow-Debreu \
contingient claims approach to consumer choice and the expected utility \
approach can clarify the analysis. Several views of the problem are needed. \
The next two animations show how the shape of the indifference map changes \
with ",
  ButtonBox["changes in the probability of the bad state",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://milkweed.econ.stthomas.edu/~csmarcott/exutil1.nb"], None},
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  " and the ",
  ButtonBox["degree of risk aversion",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://milkweed.econ.stthomas.edu/~csmarcott/exutil2.nb"], None},
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  ". In the ",
  ButtonBox["next view,",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://milkweed.econ.stthomas.edu/~csmarcott/exutil3.nb"], None},
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  " the effect of changing the probability is seen, taking account of how the \
resulting change in equilibrium (",
  Cell[BoxData[
      \(TraditionalForm\`c\_\(\(B\)\(\ \)\), \ c\_G\)]],
  ") affects the expected utility. ",
  ButtonBox["The effects of changes in the insurance premium are also shown",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://milkweed.econ.stthomas.edu/~csmarcott/exutil4.nb"], None},
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  ". The choices from the lower quadrant are projected into the upper \
quadrant, and it is apparent that the earlier view holding ",
  Cell[BoxData[
      \(TraditionalForm\`c\_\(\(B\)\(\ \)\)\ and\ \ c\_G\)]],
  " constant can be misleading. ",
  ButtonBox["Arrow's full insurance result holds",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://milkweed.econ.stthomas.edu/~csmarcott/exutil5.nb"], None},
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  " when \[Gamma] = ",
  Cell[BoxData[
      \(TraditionalForm\`\[Pi]\_B\)]],
  ". ",
  ButtonBox["The somewhat troubling result disappears when the insurance \
contract has a positive expected profit ",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://milkweed.econ.stthomas.edu/~csmarcott/exutil7.nb"], None},
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  "(i.e., when \[Gamma] > ",
  Cell[BoxData[
      \(TraditionalForm\`\[Pi]\_B\)]],
  "). In this case the person becomes more fully insured as she becomes more \
risk averse."
}], "Text"]
}, Closed]],

Cell[CellGroupData[{

Cell["The Theory of Cost", "Subsection"],

Cell[TextData[{
  "The following animations concern the theory of cost in the short and long \
run.\n\t1.  ",
  ButtonBox["Average and Marginal Products of Labor.",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://milkweed.econ.stthomas.edu/~csmarcott/production2.nb"], 
      None},
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  "\n\t2.  ",
  ButtonBox["The relationship between the short run production function and \
the short run MC curve.",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://milkweed.econ.stthomas.edu/~csmarcott/production3.nb"], 
      None},
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  "\n\t3.  ",
  ButtonBox["The geometric relationship between FC and AFC.",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://milkweed.econ.stthomas.edu/~csmarcott/afc1.nb"], None},
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  "\n\t4. ",
  ButtonBox[" The geometric relationship between VC and AVC.",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://milkweed.econ.stthomas.edu/~csmarcott/afc2.nb"], None},
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  "\n\t5.  ",
  ButtonBox["The geometric relationship between TC and ATC.",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://milkweed.econ.stthomas.edu/~csmarcott/afc3.nb"], None},
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  "\n\t6.  ",
  ButtonBox["The geometric relationship between TC and MC.",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://milkweed.econ.stthomas.edu/~csmarcott/afc4.nb"], None},
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  "\n\t7.  ",
  ButtonBox["AC - AVC and TC - ATC.",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://milkweed.econ.stthomas.edu/~csmarcott/afc5.nb"], None},
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  "\n\t8.  ",
  ButtonBox["VC - AVC and TC - MC.",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://milkweed.econ.stthomas.edu/~csmarcott/afc6.nb"], None},
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  "\n\t9.  ",
  ButtonBox["VC - AVC, TC - ATC and TC - MC.",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://milkweed.econ.stthomas.edu/~csmarcott/afc7.nb"], None},
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  "\n\t10.  ",
  ButtonBox["All curves shown simultaneously.",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://milkweed.econ.stthomas.edu/~csmarcott/afc8.nb"], None},
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  "\n\t11.  ",
  ButtonBox["Long Run Average Total Cost as the lower envelope of the short \
run ATC curves.",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://milkweed.econ.stthomas.edu/~csmarcott/lrcost.nb"], None},
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  "\n\t12.  ",
  ButtonBox["Another view of the unit and total cost curves in the short and \
long run.",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://milkweed.econ.stthomas.edu/~csmarcott/lratc2.nb"], None},
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"]
}], "Text"]
}, Closed]],

Cell[CellGroupData[{

Cell["Perfect Competition", "Subsection"],

Cell[TextData[{
  "The following animations are for the model of perfect competition.\n\n\t1. \
 ",
  ButtonBox["Cost and revenue for a firm in a competitive industry.",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://milkweed.econ.stthomas.edu/~csmarcott/costs4.nb"], None},
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  "\n\t2. ",
  ButtonBox[" Increase in demand in a constant-cost industry.",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://milkweed.econ.stthomas.edu/~csmarcott/compete1.nb"], None},
    
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  "\n\t3. ",
  ButtonBox[" Decrease in demand in a constant-cost industry.",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://milkweed.econ.stthomas.edu/~csmarcott/compete2.nb"], None},
    
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  "\n\t4.  ",
  ButtonBox["Increase in demand in an increasing-cost industry.",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://milkweed.econ.stthomas.edu/~csmarcott/compete3.nb"], None},
    
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  "\n\t5.  ",
  ButtonBox["Decrease in demand in an increasing-cost industry.",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://milkweed.econ.stthomas.edu/~csmarcott/compete4.nb"], None},
    
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  "\n\t6.  ",
  ButtonBox["Increase in demand in a decreasing-cost industry.",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://milkweed.econ.stthomas.edu/~csmarcott/compete5.nb"], None},
    
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  "\n\t7. ",
  ButtonBox[" Decrease in demand in a decreasing-cost industry.",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://milkweed.econ.stthomas.edu/~csmarcott/compete6.nb"], None},
    
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  "\n\nThe next group of animations adds two additional quadrants to the \
competitive model. The demand curve of a representative consumer is shown \
below the indifference curve/budget line diagram. The diagrams show the short \
and long run effects of income changes for a normal good.\n\n\t1.  ",
  ButtonBox["Increase in consumer income for a constant-cost industry.",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://milkweed.econ.stthomas.edu/~csmarcott/competition1.nb"], 
      None},
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  "\n\t2.  ",
  ButtonBox["Increase in consumer income for an increasing-cost industry.",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://milkweed.econ.stthomas.edu/~csmarcott/competition2.nb"], 
      None},
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  "\n\t3.  ",
  ButtonBox["Increase in consumer income for a decreasing-cost industry.",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://milkweed.econ.stthomas.edu/~csmarcott/competition3.nb"], 
      None},
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  "\n\t4.  ",
  ButtonBox["Decrease in consumer income for a constant-cost industry.",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://milkweed.econ.stthomas.edu/~csmarcott/competition4.nb"], 
      None},
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  "\n\t5.  ",
  ButtonBox["Decrease in consumer income for an increasing-cost industry.",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://milkweed.econ.stthomas.edu/~csmarcott/competition5.nb"], 
      None},
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  "\n\t6.  ",
  ButtonBox["Decrease in consumer income for a decreasing-cost industry.",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://milkweed.econ.stthomas.edu/~csmarcott/competition6.nb"], 
      None},
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"]
}], "Text"]
}, Closed]]
}, Closed]],

Cell[CellGroupData[{

Cell["Income Inequality", "Section"],

Cell[TextData[{
  "\nThe following hyperlinks show ",
  StyleBox["Mathematica",
    FontSlant->"Italic"],
  " animations of Lorenz curves. The data are from the paper by Deininger and \
Squire (1996) and are available from the ",
  ButtonBox["World Bank",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://www.worldbank.org/html/prdmg/grthweb/dddeisqu.htm"], None},
    
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  ". The Gini coefficient is the ratio of the area between the line of \
complete income equality (i.e., the 45 degree line) and the Lorenz curve to \
the total area under the 45 degree line. Higher values of the Gini \
coefficient correspond to more income inequality. Complete equality of income \
corresponds to a Gini coefficient of zero and complete income inequality \
(i.e., when the wealthiest twenty percent of of the population has 100 \
percent of the nation's income) corresponds to a Gini coefficient of 1.0. The \
program calibrates a Gini coefficient \"speedometer\"; and shows changes in \
the values of the Gini coefficient and the cumulative quintile shares for the \
time period covered in the Deininger and Squire data set. In order to produce \
a smooth animation, the program interpolates between the actual values of the \
data. The quintiles are highlighted with big dots when the actual data are \
being displayed. Here are twenty counties.\n\n\n\t1.  ",
  ButtonBox["Bahamas",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://milkweed.econ.stthomas.edu/~csmarcott/bahamas.nb"], None},
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  "\n\t2.  ",
  ButtonBox["Bulgaria",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://milkweed.econ.stthomas.edu/~csmarcott/bulgaria.nb"], None},
    
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  "\n\t3.  ",
  ButtonBox["Canada",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://milkweed.econ.stthomas.edu/~csmarcott/canada.nb"], None},
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  "\n\t4.  ",
  ButtonBox["China",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://milkweed.econ.stthomas.edu/~csmarcott/china.nb"], None},
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  "\n\t5.  ",
  ButtonBox["Columbia",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://milkweed.econ.stthomas.edu/~csmarcott/columbia.nb"], None},
    
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  "\n\t6.  ",
  ButtonBox["Czechoslovakia (and Czech Republic)",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://milkweed.econ.stthomas.edu/~csmarcott/czech.nb"], None},
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  "\n\t7.  ",
  ButtonBox["Finland",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://milkweed.econ.stthomas.edu/~csmarcott/finland.nb"], None},
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  "\n\t8.  ",
  ButtonBox["Hungary",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://milkweed.econ.stthomas.edu/~csmarcott/hungary.nb"], None},
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  "\n\t9.  ",
  ButtonBox["India",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://milkweed.econ.stthomas.edu/~csmarcott/india3.nb"], None},
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  "\n\t10.  ",
  ButtonBox["Indonesia ",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://milkweed.econ.stthomas.edu/~csmarcott/indonesia.nb"], 
      None},
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  "\n\t11.  ",
  ButtonBox["Jamaica",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://milkweed.econ.stthomas.edu/~csmarcott/jamaica.nb"], None},
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  "\n\t12.  ",
  ButtonBox["Japan",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://milkweed.econ.stthomas.edu/~csmarcott/japan.nb"], None},
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  "\n\t13.  ",
  ButtonBox["Mexico",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://milkweed.econ.stthomas.edu/~csmarcott/mexico.nb"], None},
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  "\n\t14.  ",
  ButtonBox["Norway",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://milkweed.econ.stthomas.edu/~csmarcott/norway.nb"], None},
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  "\n\t15.  ",
  ButtonBox["Philippines",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://milkweed.econ.stthomas.edu/~csmarcott/philippines.nb"], 
      None},
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  "\n\t16.  ",
  ButtonBox["Poland",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://milkweed.econ.stthomas.edu/~csmarcott/poland.nb"], None},
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  "\n\t17.  ",
  ButtonBox["Sweden",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://milkweed.econ.stthomas.edu/~csmarcott/sweden.nb"], None},
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  "\n\t18.  ",
  ButtonBox["United Kingdom",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://milkweed.econ.stthomas.edu/~csmarcott/uk.nb"], None},
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  "\n\t19.  ",
  ButtonBox["United States",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://milkweed.econ.stthomas.edu/~csmarcott/usa.nb"], None},
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  "\n\t20.  ",
  ButtonBox["USSR\n\t",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://milkweed.econ.stthomas.edu/~csmarcott/ussr.nb"], None},
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  "\nThe ",
  ButtonBox["other countries in the Deininger and Squire data set ",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://milkweed.econ.stthomas.edu/~csmarcott/gini2.nb"], None},
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  "(i.e., the ones with more than two observations)  are also available."
}], "Text"]
}, Closed]],

Cell[CellGroupData[{

Cell["Macroeconomic Animations", "Section"],

Cell[CellGroupData[{

Cell["Visualizing Phillips Curve Data", "Subsection"],

Cell[TextData[{
  "Here are some animations of United States Phillips curve data showing the \
differential effects of a tight money policy in the early 1980's.\n\t1.  ",
  ButtonBox["White v. Black",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://milkweed.econ.stthomas.edu/~csmarcott/phillips1.nb"], 
      None},
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  "\n\t2.  ",
  ButtonBox["White Men v. Black Men",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://milkweed.econ.stthomas.edu/~csmarcott/phillips2.nb"], 
      None},
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  "\n\t3.  ",
  ButtonBox["White Women v. Black Women",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://milkweed.econ.stthomas.edu/~csmarcott/phillips3.nb"], 
      None},
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  "\n\t4.  ",
  ButtonBox["White Men v. White Women",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://milkweed.econ.stthomas.edu/~csmarcott/phillips4.nb"], 
      None},
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  "\n\t5. ",
  ButtonBox[" Black Men v. Black Women",
    ButtonData:>{
      URL[ "http://milkweed.econ.stthomas.edu/~csmarcott/phillips5.nb"], 
      None},
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"]
}], "Text"]
}, Closed]],

Cell[CellGroupData[{

Cell["\<\
A Construct for Extracting the Unemployment Rate from a Labor market\
\>", "Subsection"],

Cell[TextData[{
  "When there is an aggregate labor market it is possble to",
  ButtonBox[" extract the unemployment rate",
    ButtonData:>{"speedo1.nb", None},
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  "."
}], "Text"]
}, Closed]],

Cell[CellGroupData[{

Cell["A Geometric Macroeconomic Model", "Subsection"],

Cell[TextData[{
  "The following links are to animations of a geometric macroeconomic model \
described in the paper, ",
  StyleBox["Computer Animation of a Geometric Macroeconomic Model",
    FontSlant->"Italic"],
  ", by Craig Marcott and Robert Riley.\n\t",
  ButtonBox["Increase money supply",
    ButtonData:>{"money.nb", None},
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  "\n\t",
  ButtonBox["Cut tax rate",
    ButtonData:>{"tax1.nb", None},
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  "\n\t",
  ButtonBox["Increase tax rate",
    ButtonData:>{"tax2.nb", None},
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  "\n\t",
  ButtonBox["Favorable supply shock: case 1",
    ButtonData:>{"as1.nb", None},
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  "\n\t",
  ButtonBox["Favorable supply shock: case 2",
    ButtonData:>{"as2.nb", None},
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  "\n\t",
  ButtonBox["Unfavorable supply shock: case 1",
    ButtonData:>{"as3.nb", None},
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  "\n\t",
  ButtonBox["Unfavorable supply shock: case 2",
    ButtonData:>{"as4.nb", None},
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  "\n\nHere are some four-quadrant animations showing just AD-AS.\n\n\t",
  ButtonBox["Cut the tax rate",
    ButtonData:>{"tcut.nb", None},
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  "\n\t",
  ButtonBox["Unfavorable supply shock",
    ButtonData:>{"as5.nb", None},
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  "\n\t",
  ButtonBox["Favorable supply shock",
    ButtonData:>{"as6.nb", None},
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"]
}], "Text"]
}, Closed]]
}, Closed]],

Cell[CellGroupData[{

Cell["Basic Curve Fitting", "Section"],

Cell[TextData[{
  "\nThe following six animations indicate the potential of ",
  StyleBox["Mathematica",
    FontSlant->"Italic"],
  " animations for teaching curve fitting.\n\t1.  ",
  ButtonBox[
  "Visualizing the best fitting line by minimizing the sum of squared errors",
    
    ButtonData:>{"leastsq2.nb", None},
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  "\n\t2.  ",
  ButtonBox[
  "The method of least squares and the solution of the \"normal equations\"",
    ButtonData:>{"leastsq.nb", None},
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  "\n\t3.  ",
  ButtonBox["A smaller version of 2.",
    ButtonData:>{"leastsq1.nb", None},
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  "\n\t4.  ",
  ButtonBox[
  "Deriving the confidence band for the mean value of the dependent \
variable.",
    ButtonData:>{"leastsq4.nb", None},
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  "\n\t5.  ",
  ButtonBox[
  "Deriving the confidence band for a single predicted value of the dependent \
variable",
    ButtonData:>{"leastsq5.nb", None},
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"],
  " \n\t6.  ",
  ButtonBox[" A confidence band for the mean: a different set of data",
    ButtonData:>{"leastsq5.nb", None},
    ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"]
}], "Text"]
}, Closed]],

Cell[CellGroupData[{

Cell["Conclusion", "Section"],

Cell[TextData[{
  StyleBox["Mathematica",
    FontSlant->"Italic"],
  "'s graphics capabilities make it possible to construct animations of \
diagrammatic economic models. Students enjoy interacting with the models and \
establish a closer relationship with the subject matter. Animated versions of \
nearly all the diagrams found in typical introductory and intermediate texts  \
will be available soon. Animations are also an excellent tool for visualizing \
economic data."
}], "Text"]
}, Closed]]
}, Open  ]]
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    CellFrameMargins->4,
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    ImageMargins->{{0, 0}, {0, 0}},
    ImageRegion->{{0, 1}, {0, 1}},
    Background->GrayLevel[0]],
  
  Cell[CellGroupData[{
  
  Cell["Style Environment Names", "Section"],
  
  Cell[StyleData[All, "Working"],
    PageWidth->WindowWidth,
    ScriptMinSize->9],
  
  Cell[StyleData[All, "Presentation"],
    PageWidth->WindowWidth,
    ScriptMinSize->12,
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  Cell[StyleData[All, "Condensed"],
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    FontSize->11],
  
  Cell[StyleData[All, "Printout"],
    PageWidth->PaperWidth,
    ScriptMinSize->5,
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  }, Closed]],
  
  Cell[CellGroupData[{
  
  Cell["Notebook Options", "Section"],
  
  Cell["\<\
The options defined for the style below will be used at the Notebook level.\
\>", "Text"],
  
  Cell[StyleData["Notebook", "Presentation"],
    PageHeaders->{{Cell[ 
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            TextData[ {
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            TextData[ {
              ValueBox[ "FileName"]}], "Header"], None, Cell[ 
            TextData[ {
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  Cell[StyleData["Notebook", "Printout"],
    PageHeaders->{{Cell[ 
            TextData[ {
              CounterBox[ "Page"]}], "PageNumber"], None, Cell[ 
            TextData[ {
              ValueBox[ "FileName"]}], "Header"]}, {Cell[ 
            TextData[ {
              ValueBox[ "FileName"]}], "Header"], None, Cell[ 
            TextData[ {
              CounterBox[ "Page"]}], "PageNumber"]}},
    CellElementSpacings->{"ClosedGroupTopMargin"->20},
    CellFrameLabelMargins->6,
    StyleMenuListing->None,
    Background->None]
  }, Open  ]],
  
  Cell[CellGroupData[{
  
  Cell["Styles for Headings", "Section"],
  
  Cell[CellGroupData[{
  
  Cell[StyleData["Title"],
    CellMargins->{{40, Inherited}, {20, 40}},
    CellGroupingRules->{"TitleGrouping", 0},
    PageBreakBelow->False,
    CounterIncrements->"Title",
    CounterAssignments->{{"Section", 0}, {"Equation", 0}, {"Figure", 0}, {
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    FontFamily->"Helvetica",
    FontSize->36,
    FontWeight->"Bold"],
  
  Cell[StyleData["Title", "Presentation"],
    ShowCellBracket->False,
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    CellFrameMargins->{{30, 100}, {10, 20}},
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    LineSpacing->{0, 44},
    FontSize->40,
    FontColor->GrayLevel[1],
    Background->RGBColor[0.812512, 0, 0]],
  
  Cell[StyleData["Title", "Condensed"],
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    FontSize->20],
  
  Cell[StyleData["Title", "Printout"],
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    CellFrameMargins->2,
    FontSize->26]
  }, Closed]],
  
  Cell[CellGroupData[{
  
  Cell[StyleData["Subtitle"],
    CellMargins->{{40, Inherited}, {20, 15}},
    CellGroupingRules->{"TitleGrouping", 10},
    PageBreakBelow->False,
    CounterIncrements->"Subtitle",
    CounterAssignments->{{"Section", 0}, {"Equation", 0}, {"Figure", 0}, {
        "Subsubtitle", 0}},
    FontFamily->"Helvetica",
    FontSize->24],
  
  Cell[StyleData["Subtitle", "Presentation"],
    ShowCellBracket->False,
    CellMargins->{{98, 0}, {20, 0}},
    CellFrameMargins->{{10, 4}, {4, 6}},
    AutoIndent->False,
    LineSpacing->{0, 34},
    FontSize->30,
    FontColor->GrayLevel[1],
    Background->GrayLevel[0]],
  
  Cell[StyleData["Subtitle", "Condensed"],
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    FontSize->14],
  
  Cell[StyleData["Subtitle", "Printout"],
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    FontSize->18]
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  Cell[CellGroupData[{
  
  Cell[StyleData["Author"],
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    CellGroupingRules->{"TitleGrouping", 20},
    PageBreakBelow->False,
    CounterIncrements->"Subsubtitle",
    CounterAssignments->{{"Section", 0}, {"Equation", 0}, {"Figure", 0}},
    FontFamily->"Helvetica",
    FontSize->14,
    FontSlant->"Italic"],
  
  Cell[StyleData["Author", "Presentation"],
    CellFrame->{{0, 0}, {2, 0}},
    ShowCellBracket->False,
    CellMargins->{{98, 0}, {60, 10}},
    CellFrameMargins->{{4, 4}, {2, 8}},
    LineSpacing->{1, 0},
    FontSize->22,
    FontColor->GrayLevel[0]],
  
  Cell[StyleData["Author", "Condensed"],
    CellMargins->{{8, 10}, {8, 8}},
    FontSize->12],
  
  Cell[StyleData["Author", "Printout"],
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  }, Closed]],
  
  Cell[CellGroupData[{
  
  Cell[StyleData["Section"],
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    CellGroupingRules->{"SectionGrouping", 30},
    PageBreakBelow->False,
    CounterIncrements->"Section",
    CounterAssignments->{{"Subsection", 0}, {"Subsubsection", 0}},
    FontFamily->"Helvetica",
    FontSize->16,
    FontWeight->"Bold"],
  
  Cell[StyleData["Section", "Presentation"],
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    CellMargins->{{40, 22}, {0, 30}},
    CellFrameMargins->{{99, 0}, {1, 4}},
    CellFrameColor->RGBColor[0.708598, 0.00158694, 0.047715],
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    LineSpacing->{1, 0},
    FontSize->24],
  
  Cell[StyleData["Section", "Condensed"],
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    FontSize->12],
  
  Cell[StyleData["Section", "Printout"],
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    FontSize->14]
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  Cell[CellGroupData[{
  
  Cell[StyleData["Subsection"],
    CellMargins->{{22, Inherited}, {8, 20}},
    CellGroupingRules->{"SectionGrouping", 40},
    PageBreakBelow->False,
    CounterIncrements->"Subsection",
    CounterAssignments->{{"Subsubsection", 0}},
    FontSize->14,
    FontWeight->"Bold"],
  
  Cell[StyleData["Subsection", "Presentation"],
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    CellFrameMargins->{{0, 0}, {0, 2}},
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    LineSpacing->{1, 0},
    FontSize->22],
  
  Cell[StyleData["Subsection", "Condensed"],
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    FontSize->12],
  
  Cell[StyleData["Subsection", "Printout"],
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  Cell[CellGroupData[{
  
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    CellGroupingRules->{"SectionGrouping", 50},
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    CounterIncrements->"Subsubsection",
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  Cell[StyleData["Subsubsection", "Presentation"],
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  Cell[StyleData["Subsubsection", "Condensed"],
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    FontSize->10],
  
  Cell[StyleData["Subsubsection", "Printout"],
    CellMargins->{{40, 0}, {0, 25}},
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  Cell[CellGroupData[{
  
  Cell[StyleData["Rule"],
    CellMargins->{{10, Inherited}, {8, 18}},
    PageBreakBelow->False],
  
  Cell[StyleData["Rule", "Presentation"],
    CellFrame->{{0, 0}, {3, 0}},
    CellMargins->{{99, 60}, {0, 40}},
    CellFrameMargins->False,
    LineSpacing->{1, 0},
    FontSize->18],
  
  Cell[StyleData["Rule", "Condensed"],
    CellMargins->{{17, Inherited}, {6, 12}},
    FontSize->10],
  
  Cell[StyleData["Rule", "Printout"],
    CellMargins->{{10, 0}, {7, 14}},
    FontSize->11]
  }, Closed]]
  }, Open  ]],
  
  Cell[CellGroupData[{
  
  Cell["Styles for Body Text", "Section"],
  
  Cell[CellGroupData[{
  
  Cell[StyleData["Text"],
    CellMargins->{{12, 10}, {7, 7}},
    LineSpacing->{1, 3},
    CounterIncrements->"Text"],
  
  Cell[StyleData["Text", "Presentation"],
    CellMargins->{{99, 22}, {10, 10}},
    TextAlignment->Left,
    TextJustification->0,
    LineSpacing->{1, 3},
    FontSize->16],
  
  Cell[StyleData["Text", "Condensed"],
    CellMargins->{{8, 10}, {6, 6}},
    LineSpacing->{1, 1}],
  
  Cell[StyleData["Text", "Printout"],
    CellMargins->{{40, 2}, {6, 6}},
    TextJustification->0.5]
  }, Closed]],
  
  Cell[CellGroupData[{
  
  Cell[StyleData["SmallText"],
    CellMargins->{{12, 10}, {6, 6}},
    LineSpacing->{1, 3},
    CounterIncrements->"SmallText",
    FontFamily->"Helvetica",
    FontSize->9],
  
  Cell[StyleData["SmallText", "Presentation"],
    CellMargins->{{119, 22}, {10, 10}},
    LineSpacing->{1, 5},
    FontSize->12,
    FontColor->RGBColor[0.0899214, 0.182635, 0.460777]],
  
  Cell[StyleData["SmallText", "Condensed"],
    CellMargins->{{8, 10}, {5, 5}},
    LineSpacing->{1, 2},
    FontSize->9],
  
  Cell[StyleData["SmallText", "Printout"],
    CellMargins->{{50, 2}, {5, 5}},
    TextJustification->0.5,
    FontSize->7]
  }, Closed]]
  }, Open  ]],
  
  Cell[CellGroupData[{
  
  Cell["Styles for Input/Output", "Section"],
  
  Cell["\<\
The cells in this section define styles used for input and output to the \
kernel.  Be careful when modifying, renaming, or removing these styles, \
because the front end associates special meanings with these style names. \
Some attributes for these styles are actually set in FormatType Styles (in \
the last section of this stylesheet). \
\>", "Text"],
  
  Cell[CellGroupData[{
  
  Cell[StyleData["Input"],
    CellMargins->{{45, 10}, {5, 7}},
    Evaluatable->True,
    CellGroupingRules->"InputGrouping",
    CellHorizontalScrolling->True,
    PageBreakWithin->False,
    GroupPageBreakWithin->False,
    CellLabelMargins->{{11, Inherited}, {Inherited, Inherited}},
    DefaultFormatType->DefaultInputFormatType,
    AutoItalicWords->{},
    FormatType->InputForm,
    ShowStringCharacters->True,
    NumberMarks->True,
    LinebreakAdjustments->{0.85, 2, 10, 0, 1},
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    FontWeight->"Bold"],
  
  Cell[StyleData["Input", "Presentation"],
    CellMargins->{{99, 45}, {0, 10}},
    CellFrameMargins->12,
    LineSpacing->{1, 0},
    FontSize->16,
    FontColor->GrayLevel[1],
    Background->RGBColor[0.28748, 0.378042, 0.556527],
    ButtonBoxOptions->{ButtonMargins->9,
    Background->RGBColor[0.665293, 0.0723888, 0.101137]}],
  
  Cell[StyleData["Input", "Condensed"],
    CellMargins->{{40, 10}, {2, 3}}],
  
  Cell[StyleData["Input", "Printout"],
    CellFrame->True,
    CellMargins->{{40, 0}, {0, 6}},
    LinebreakAdjustments->{0.85, 2, 10, 1, 1},
    FontSize->9,
    Background->GrayLevel[0.849989]]
  }, Closed]],
  
  Cell[StyleData["InputOnly"],
    CellMargins->{{99, Inherited}, {Inherited, Inherited}},
    Evaluatable->True,
    CellGroupingRules->"InputGrouping",
    CellHorizontalScrolling->True,
    DefaultFormatType->DefaultInputFormatType,
    AutoItalicWords->{},
    FormatType->InputForm,
    ShowStringCharacters->True,
    NumberMarks->True,
    LinebreakAdjustments->{0.85, 2, 10, 0, 1},
    CounterIncrements->"Input",
    StyleMenuListing->None,
    FontWeight->"Bold"],
  
  Cell[StyleData["InputWord"],
    CellMargins->{{99, Inherited}, {Inherited, Inherited}},
    CellGroupingRules->"InputGrouping",
    AutoItalicWords->{},
    FormatType->InputForm,
    FontWeight->"Bold"],
  
  Cell[CellGroupData[{
  
  Cell[StyleData["Output"],
    CellMargins->{{47, 10}, {7, 5}},
    CellEditDuplicate->True,
    CellGroupingRules->"OutputGrouping",
    CellHorizontalScrolling->True,
    PageBreakWithin->False,
    GroupPageBreakWithin->False,
    GeneratedCell->True,
    CellAutoOverwrite->True,
    CellLabelMargins->{{11, Inherited}, {Inherited, Inherited}},
    DefaultFormatType->DefaultOutputFormatType,
    AutoItalicWords->{},
    FormatType->InputForm,
    CounterIncrements->"Output"],
  
  Cell[StyleData["Output", "Presentation"],
    CellMargins->{{99, 45}, {10, 0}},
    CellFrameMargins->12,
    LineSpacing->{1, 0},
    FontSize->16,
    Background->RGBColor[0.978958, 0.959915, 0.622477]],
  
  Cell[StyleData["Output", "Condensed"],
    CellMargins->{{41, Inherited}, {3, 2}}],
  
  Cell[StyleData["Output", "Printout"],
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    CellMargins->{{40, 0}, {6, 0}},
    FontSize->9]
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  Cell[CellGroupData[{
  
  Cell[StyleData["Message"],
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    GroupPageBreakWithin->False,
    GeneratedCell->True,
    CellAutoOverwrite->True,
    ShowCellLabel->False,
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    AutoItalicWords->{},
    FormatType->InputForm,
    CounterIncrements->"Message",
    StyleMenuListing->None,
    FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1]],
  
  Cell[StyleData["Message", "Presentation"],
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    LineSpacing->{1, 0},
    FontColor->RGBColor[0.694072, 0.204471, 0.227802],
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  Cell[StyleData["Message", "Condensed"],
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  Cell[StyleData["Message", "Printout"],
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    FontColor->GrayLevel[0]]
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  Cell[CellGroupData[{
  
  Cell[StyleData["Print"],
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  Cell[StyleData["Print", "Presentation"],
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  Cell[CellGroupData[{
  
  Cell[StyleData["Graphics"],
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    GeneratedCell->True,
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    DefaultFormatType->DefaultOutputFormatType,
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    StyleMenuListing->None],
  
  Cell[StyleData["Graphics", "Presentation"],
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  Cell[StyleData["Graphics", "Condensed"],
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  Cell[StyleData["Graphics", "Printout"],
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  Cell[CellGroupData[{
  
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    FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1]],
  
  Cell[StyleData["CellLabel", "Presentation"],
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  Cell[CellGroupData[{
  
  Cell["Formulas and Programming", "Section"],
  
  Cell[CellGroupData[{
  
  Cell[StyleData["InlineFormula"],
    CellMargins->{{10, 4}, {0, 8}},
    CellHorizontalScrolling->True,
    ScriptLevel->1,
    SingleLetterItalics->True],
  
  Cell[StyleData["InlineFormula", "Presentation"],
    CellMargins->{{99, 10}, {10, 10}},
    LineSpacing->{1, 5}],
  
  Cell[StyleData["InlineFormula", "Condensed"],
    CellMargins->{{8, 10}, {6, 6}},
    LineSpacing->{1, 1}],
  
  Cell[StyleData["InlineFormula", "Printout"],
    CellMargins->{{10, 0}, {6, 6}}]
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  Cell[StyleData["DisplayFormula"],
    CellMargins->{{42, Inherited}, {Inherited, Inherited}},
    CellHorizontalScrolling->True,
    DefaultFormatType->DefaultInputFormatType,
    ScriptLevel->0,
    SingleLetterItalics->True,
    UnderoverscriptBoxOptions->{LimitsPositioning->True}],
  
  Cell[StyleData["DisplayFormula", "Presentation"],
    CellMargins->{{99, Inherited}, {Inherited, 10}},
    LineSpacing->{1, 5}],
  
  Cell[StyleData["DisplayFormula", "Condensed"],
    LineSpacing->{1, 1}],
  
  Cell[StyleData["DisplayFormula", "Printout"],
    CellMargins->{{10, Inherited}, {Inherited, Inherited}}]
  }, Closed]]
  }, Open  ]],
  
  Cell[CellGroupData[{
  
  Cell["Hyperlink Styles", "Section"],
  
  Cell["\<\
The cells below define styles useful for making hypertext ButtonBoxes.  The \
\"Hyperlink\" style is for links within the same Notebook, or between \
Notebooks.\
\>", "Text"],
  
  Cell[CellGroupData[{
  
  Cell[StyleData["Hyperlink"],
    StyleMenuListing->None,
    ButtonStyleMenuListing->Automatic,
    FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1],
    FontVariations->{"Underline"->True},
    ButtonBoxOptions->{ButtonFunction:>(FrontEndExecute[ {
        FrontEnd`NotebookLocate[ #2]}]&),
    Active->True,
    ButtonNote->ButtonData}],
  
  Cell[StyleData["Hyperlink", "Presentation"]],
  
  Cell[StyleData["Hyperlink", "Condensed"]],
  
  Cell[StyleData["Hyperlink", "Printout"],
    FontColor->GrayLevel[0],
    FontVariations->{"Underline"->False}]
  }, Closed]],
  
  Cell["\<\
The following styles are for linking automatically to the on-line help \
system.\
\>", "Text"],
  
  Cell[CellGroupData[{
  
  Cell[StyleData["MainBookLink"],
    StyleMenuListing->None,
    ButtonStyleMenuListing->Automatic,
    FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1],
    FontVariations->{"Underline"->True},
    ButtonBoxOptions->{ButtonFunction:>(FrontEndExecute[ {
        FrontEnd`HelpBrowserLookup[ "MainBook", #]}]&),
    Active->True,
    ButtonFrame->"None"}],
  
  Cell[StyleData["MainBookLink", "Presentation"]],
  
  Cell[StyleData["MainBookLink", "Condensed"]],
  
  Cell[StyleData["MainBookLink", "Printout"],
    FontColor->GrayLevel[0],
    FontVariations->{"Underline"->False}]
  }, Closed]],
  
  Cell[CellGroupData[{
  
  Cell[StyleData["AddOnsLink"],
    StyleMenuListing->None,
    ButtonStyleMenuListing->Automatic,
    FontFamily->"Courier",
    FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1],
    FontVariations->{"Underline"->True},
    ButtonBoxOptions->{ButtonFunction:>(FrontEndExecute[ {
        FrontEnd`HelpBrowserLookup[ "AddOns", #]}]&),
    Active->True,
    ButtonFrame->"None"}],
  
  Cell[StyleData["AddOnsLink", "Presentation"]],
  
  Cell[StyleData["AddOnsLink", "Condensed"]],
  
  Cell[StyleData["AddOnsLink", "Printout"],
    FontColor->GrayLevel[0],
    FontVariations->{"Underline"->False}]
  }, Closed]],
  
  Cell[CellGroupData[{
  
  Cell[StyleData["RefGuideLink"],
    StyleMenuListing->None,
    ButtonStyleMenuListing->Automatic,
    FontFamily->"Courier",
    FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1],
    FontVariations->{"Underline"->True},
    ButtonBoxOptions->{ButtonFunction:>(FrontEndExecute[ {
        FrontEnd`HelpBrowserLookup[ "RefGuide", #]}]&),
    Active->True,
    ButtonFrame->"None"}],
  
  Cell[StyleData["RefGuideLink", "Presentation"]],
  
  Cell[StyleData["RefGuideLink", "Condensed"]],
  
  Cell[StyleData["RefGuideLink", "Printout"],
    FontColor->GrayLevel[0],
    FontVariations->{"Underline"->False}]
  }, Closed]],
  
  Cell[CellGroupData[{
  
  Cell[StyleData["GettingStartedLink"],
    StyleMenuListing->None,
    ButtonStyleMenuListing->Automatic,
    FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1],
    FontVariations->{"Underline"->True},
    ButtonBoxOptions->{ButtonFunction:>(FrontEndExecute[ {
        FrontEnd`HelpBrowserLookup[ "GettingStarted", #]}]&),
    Active->True,
    ButtonFrame->"None"}],
  
  Cell[StyleData["GettingStartedLink", "Presentation"]],
  
  Cell[StyleData["GettingStartedLink", "Condensed"]],
  
  Cell[StyleData["GettingStartedLink", "Printout"],
    FontColor->GrayLevel[0],
    FontVariations->{"Underline"->False}]
  }, Closed]],
  
  Cell[CellGroupData[{
  
  Cell[StyleData["OtherInformationLink"],
    StyleMenuListing->None,
    ButtonStyleMenuListing->Automatic,
    FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1],
    FontVariations->{"Underline"->True},
    ButtonBoxOptions->{ButtonFunction:>(FrontEndExecute[ {
        FrontEnd`HelpBrowserLookup[ "OtherInformation", #]}]&),
    Active->True,
    ButtonFrame->"None"}],
  
  Cell[StyleData["OtherInformationLink", "Presentation"]],
  
  Cell[StyleData["OtherInformationLink", "Condensed"]],
  
  Cell[StyleData["OtherInformationLink", "Printout"],
    FontColor->GrayLevel[0],
    FontVariations->{"Underline"->False}]
  }, Closed]]
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  Cell[CellGroupData[{
  
  Cell["Styles for Headers and Footers", "Section"],
  
  Cell[StyleData["Header"],
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    StyleMenuListing->None,
    FontSize->10,
    FontSlant->"Italic"],
  
  Cell[StyleData["Footer"],
    CellMargins->{{0, 0}, {0, 4}},
    StyleMenuListing->None,
    FontSize->9,
    FontSlant->"Italic"],
  
  Cell[StyleData["PageNumber"],
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    StyleMenuListing->None,
    FontFamily->"Times",
    FontSize->10]
  }, Open  ]],
  
  Cell[CellGroupData[{
  
  Cell["Palette Styles", "Section"],
  
  Cell["\<\
The cells below define styles that define standard ButtonFunctions, for use \
in palette buttons.\
\>", "Text"],
  
  Cell[StyleData["Paste"],
    StyleMenuListing->None,
    ButtonStyleMenuListing->Automatic,
    ButtonBoxOptions->{ButtonFunction:>(FrontEndExecute[ {
        FrontEnd`NotebookApply[ 
          FrontEnd`InputNotebook[ ], #, After]}]&)}],
  
  Cell[StyleData["Evaluate"],
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        SelectionEvaluate[ 
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  Cell[StyleData["EvaluateCell"],
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        FrontEnd`SelectionMove[ 
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        FrontEnd`SelectionEvaluateCreateCell[ 
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        FrontEnd`NotebookApply[ 
          FrontEnd`InputNotebook[ ], #, All], 
        FrontEnd`SelectionEvaluate[ 
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  Cell[StyleData["CopyEvaluateCell"],
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    ButtonStyleMenuListing->Automatic,
    ButtonBoxOptions->{ButtonFunction:>(FrontEndExecute[ {
        FrontEnd`SelectionCreateCell[ 
          FrontEnd`InputNotebook[ ], All], 
        FrontEnd`NotebookApply[ 
          FrontEnd`InputNotebook[ ], #, All], 
        FrontEnd`SelectionEvaluateCreateCell[ 
          FrontEnd`InputNotebook[ ], All]}]&)}]
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  Cell[CellGroupData[{
  
  Cell["Placeholder Styles", "Section"],
  
  Cell["\<\
The cells below define styles useful for making placeholder objects in \
palette templates.\
\>", "Text"],
  
  Cell[CellGroupData[{
  
  Cell[StyleData["Placeholder"],
    Placeholder->True,
    StyleMenuListing->None,
    FontSlant->"Italic",
    FontColor->RGBColor[0.890623, 0.864698, 0.384756],
    TagBoxOptions->{Editable->False,
    Selectable->False,
    StripWrapperBoxes->False}],
  
  Cell[StyleData["Placeholder", "Presentation"]],
  
  Cell[StyleData["Placeholder", "Condensed"]],
  
  Cell[StyleData["Placeholder", "Printout"]]
  }, Closed]],
  
  Cell[CellGroupData[{
  
  Cell[StyleData["PrimaryPlaceholder"],
    Placeholder->PrimaryPlaceholder,
    StyleMenuListing->None,
    DrawHighlighted->True,
    FontSlant->"Italic",
    Background->RGBColor[0.912505, 0.891798, 0.507774],
    TagBoxOptions->{Editable->False,
    Selectable->False,
    StripWrapperBoxes->False}],
  
  Cell[StyleData["PrimaryPlaceholder", "Presentation"]],
  
  Cell[StyleData["PrimaryPlaceholder", "Condensed"]],
  
  Cell[StyleData["PrimaryPlaceholder", "Printout"]]
  }, Closed]]
  }, Open  ]],
  
  Cell[CellGroupData[{
  
  Cell["FormatType Styles", "Section"],
  
  Cell["\<\
The cells below define styles that are mixed in with the styles of most \
cells.  If a cell's FormatType matches the name of one of the styles defined \
below, then that style is applied between the cell's style and its own \
options. This is particularly true of Input and Output.\
\>", "Text"],
  
  Cell[StyleData["CellExpression"],
    PageWidth->Infinity,
    CellMargins->{{6, Inherited}, {Inherited, Inherited}},
    ShowCellLabel->False,
    ShowSpecialCharacters->False,
    AllowInlineCells->False,
    AutoItalicWords->{},
    StyleMenuListing->None,
    FontFamily->"Courier",
    FontSize->12,
    Background->GrayLevel[1]],
  
  Cell[StyleData["InputForm"],
    AllowInlineCells->False,
    StyleMenuListing->None,
    FontFamily->"Courier"],
  
  Cell[StyleData["OutputForm"],
    PageWidth->Infinity,
    TextAlignment->Left,
    LineSpacing->{0.6, 1},
    StyleMenuListing->None,
    FontFamily->"Courier"],
  
  Cell[StyleData["StandardForm"],
    LineSpacing->{1.25, 0},
    StyleMenuListing->None,
    FontFamily->"Courier"],
  
  Cell[StyleData["TraditionalForm"],
    LineSpacing->{1.25, 0},
    SingleLetterItalics->True,
    TraditionalFunctionNotation->True,
    DelimiterMatching->None,
    StyleMenuListing->None],
  
  Cell["\<\
The style defined below is mixed in to any cell that is in an inline cell \
within another.\
\>", "Text"],
  
  Cell[StyleData["InlineCell"],
    TextAlignment->Left,
    ScriptLevel->1,
    StyleMenuListing->None],
  
  Cell[StyleData["InlineCellEditing"],
    StyleMenuListing->None,
    Background->RGBColor[1, 0.749996, 0.8]]
  }, Closed]],
  
  Cell[CellGroupData[{
  
  Cell["Expression Annotation Styles", "Section"],
  
  Cell["\<\
The cells below define styles that are used to effect the display of certain \
types of objects in typeset expressions.  For example, \"UnmatchedBracket\" \
style defines how unmatched bracket, curly bracket, and parenthesis \
characters are displayed (typically by coloring them to
make them stand out).\
\>", "Text"],
  
  Cell[StyleData["UnmatchedBracket"],
    FontColor->RGBColor[0.760006, 0.330007, 0.8]]
  }, Open  ]],
  
  Cell[CellGroupData[{
  
  Cell["Styles for Automatic Numbering", "Section"],
  
  Cell["\<\
The following styles are useful for numbered equations, figures, etc.  They \
automatically give the cell a FrameLabel containing a reference to a \
particular counter, and also increment that counter.\
\>", "Text"],
  
  Cell[CellGroupData[{
  
  Cell[StyleData["NumberedEquation"],
    CellMargins->{{55, 10}, {0, 10}},
    CellFrameLabels->{{None, Cell[ 
            TextData[ {"(", 
              CounterBox[ "NumberedEquation"], ")"}]]}, {None, None}},
    DefaultFormatType->DefaultInputFormatType,
    CounterIncrements->"NumberedEquation",
    FormatTypeAutoConvert->False],
  
  Cell[StyleData["NumberedEquation", "Printout"],
    CellMargins->{{55, 55}, {0, 10}},
    FontSize->10]
  }, Closed]],
  
  Cell[CellGroupData[{
  
  Cell[StyleData["NumberedFigure"],
    CellMargins->{{55, 145}, {2, 10}},
    CellHorizontalScrolling->True,
    CellFrameLabels->{{None, None}, {Cell[ 
            TextData[ {"Figure ", 
              CounterBox[ "NumberedFigure"]}], FontWeight -> "Bold"], None}},
    CounterIncrements->"NumberedFigure",
    FormatTypeAutoConvert->False],
  
  Cell[StyleData["NumberedFigure", "Printout"],
    FontSize->10]
  }, Closed]],
  
  Cell[CellGroupData[{
  
  Cell[StyleData["NumberedTable"],
    CellMargins->{{55, 145}, {2, 10}},
    CellFrameLabels->{{None, None}, {Cell[ 
            TextData[ {"Table ", 
              CounterBox[ "NumberedTable"]}], FontWeight -> "Bold"], None}},
    TextAlignment->Center,
    CounterIncrements->"NumberedTable",
    FormatTypeAutoConvert->False],
  
  Cell[StyleData["NumberedTable", "Printout"],
    CellMargins->{{18, Inherited}, {Inherited, Inherited}},
    FontSize->10]
  }, Closed]]
  }, Closed]]
  }, Open  ]]
  }]
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